Language And Communication Researchs on Vikings and Anglo Sexons

INTRODUCTION Various contributions have been made towards the development of the English Language. The development has been a process and has taken quite a long time, and still, continues up to date. There are three stages in this development; however, this work is concentrated on the initial stage in the development of the English language. In this research, I have considered the impacts of the Vikings and Anglo Saxons. A brief history of the Vikings and Anglo Saxons as well as their contribution towards the modern English language has been covered at length. Aim The contribution of the Vikings and Anglo Saxons in the development of modern English language is so great. The main objective of this study is to identify the contributions of the Vikings and the Anglo Saxons towards the development of English Language. Scope In attempting to meet the above objective, this work reviews the history of the Vikings and Anglo Saxons, and their modes of communication. It also covers the contributions of these groups, depending on the dialects and words borrowed. Major emphasis is laid on the pronouns and verbs. LITERATURE REVIEW The old English, formally known as the Anglo-Saxon, was established at around 450 AD to 1100 AD when the Anglo Saxons started to settle in Britain (Blake 1996). The Anglo Saxons included the Angels, Saxons, Frisians and the Jutes who moved to Britain after the Roman occupation. During this period, the Viking was a term used to refer to raiding. The raiders or the Viking were from the north and recognized themselves depending on the areas they originated from. They included the Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians (Baugh and Cable 92).   This period forms the first stage in the development of the English language. The second stage was established at around 1100 AD to 1500 AD and the final stage dates from about 1500 AD to date. English language historians view Vikings language positively as a great contribution towards the development of modern English language. This old English was spoken by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and the Frisians of the current Northern Germany and Southern Denmark who migrated to Britain and drove away the Britons to the west and north (Thomas and John 1992). Regional dialects then developed. These dialects included the Kentish for the Jutes, West Saxon for a branch of the Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian spoken by Angles. The first ruler of all England and the King of West Saxon, King Alfred, ensured that West Saxon was prevalent in prose literature by ninth century. The greatest part of poetry used a Mercian mixed dialect like the contemporary elegiac poems. The old English was characterized by verbs that were weak and strong; there were more than one number of pronouns indicating dualism, adjectives had various different declensions; nouns had four different declensions; and different distinctions of gender. Old English had limited vocabulary but was very wealthy in world building. The Vikings contribution in the old English was also substantial. The Vikings, also known as the Norsemen, introduced about forty Old Norse words (Scandinavian words) into the Old English. These words included: law, are, and cut, take, ugly, ill, and take. These words were derived mainly from the sea battle (Peter 2001). It is quite uncommon for a language to borrow grammatical words from other languages. However, old English had a lot of borrowings from the Viking language. For instance, the plural of the third person pronouns was borrowed and formed the singular of the third person pronouns in old English. This similarity also extends in the modern English. However, there is rear borrowing of pronouns by the modern English. The reason for this was the confusion in identifying the similar singular and plural forms experienced by Viking invaders hearing and speaking Old English (Baugh and Cable 102). Old English borrowed various forms of verbs from the Vikings. The borrowings included the plural form of the verb â€Å"to be† in Wessex (which was the most powerful kingdom in the Anglo-Saxon during the Viking invasion) which was syndon (Baugh and Cable 102). The present plural and second person singular are is also of Scandinavian origin (Baugh and Cable 102). REFERENCE Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable (2002) A History of the English Language. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. In this book, Albert and Thomas have explained a vivid history of the English language with emphasis on the contributions of the different groups including the Vikings and the Anglo Saxons. Blake, N.F (1996). A History of the English Language. Palgrave Macmillan, Blake is an eminent historical linguist. In this book he has given an accessible and modern discussion of the growth of English. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo (1992).   The Origins and Development of the English Language. Thomas Learning. This book is organized into several sections that give a comprehensive guide to the evolution of English. Peter Sawyer (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Viking. Oxford University Press. Peter Sawyer has given a brilliant and interactive discussion of the lives and activities of the Vikings.

Taking And Raising Baby By Anna R. Pierce - 1731 Words

Taking Sides: Challenges to Parenthood Taking children to practice, running to the store, going different directions give many challenges to parenthood. With that being said, there are many challenges that come from being a parent which will discussed from the article by Anna R. Pierce called, â€Å"Who’s Raising Baby?† The purpose of this paper is to critique the article that’s about challenges to modern- day parenting and analyze three weaknesses and one strength, as well as give an opinion on the topic. Summary (1st level) The article starts off with discussing how very unlikely it is that you will see different scenes of children playing outside such as riding their bikes, playing tag outside, or simply working together out in the yard.†¦show more content†¦41). She concludes by saying that we must provide them with more than opportunities for competing, skill learning, and socializing so they continue growing as individuals (Peirce, 2002, p. 42). Critical Analysis (1st level) Weaknesses 1 (2nd level) The first weakness that is found is in some cases the author overgeneralized people and findings. With that being said, this is a flaw because the author is generalizing all the children and parents during almost the whole entire article. This may pose a problem for the reader because the readers may be thinking, â€Å"Well, that’s not the case in my life† or â€Å"I never did that as a child.† The author needs to recognize that not all children and parents is that the studies and experiences don’t apply to everyone. The paper needs to acknowledge that most children are like this not all, then give specifics of who, where, and when. For example, she overgeneralizes in the beginning of the research article by starting off that asking a question on where children are and what they are doing. She gives examples that they are in day-care centers, playing Play Station, watching TV, and that they’re not enjoying a casual conversation. She says that parent ing for â€Å"us† is providing them with things like those earlier examples stated to keep them busy (Pierce, 2002, p. 39). She uses the words â€Å"us† and â€Å"children.† Not some, children orShow MoreRelatedThe taste of melon by borden deal11847 Words   |  48 PagesThe Taste of Melon B O R D E N Focus Your Learning Reading this story will help you: ââ€"   relate your own experience to the story theme ââ€"   analyse story structure ââ€"   identify changes in the narrator’s perspective ââ€"   interpret characters’ motives 130 Look Closely D E A L When I think of the summer I was sixteen, a lot of things some crowding in to be thought about. We had moved just the year before, and sixteen is still young enough that the bunch makes a difference. I had a bunchRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONALRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesHuman Resource Management 11 FIGURE 1—4 Management Activities GLOBAL ORG ANI ZAT ION TE CH NO LO L CA GI OP AT ER NS IO HR Planning and Analysis †¢ HR Planning †¢ Job Analysis †¢ HR Information and Assessment Systems EN VI R O NM L TA EN Employee and Labor/Management Relations Equal Employment Opportunity †¢ Compliance †¢ Diversity †¢ Affirmative Action †¢ HR Policies †¢ Employee Rights and Privacy †¢ Union/Management Relations S IZ E Health, Safety, and Security Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pageson case study research or coauthored the case studies that appear in this book: Ron Anderson-Lehman, S. Balaji, Greg Clancy, Tony Easterlin, Jane Fedorowicz, Janis L. Gogan, Dale Goodhue, Vijay Khatri, Scott A. Kincaid, Nicholas Lockwood, Stephen R. Nelson, Kevin Ryan, John Sacco, Rebecca Scholer, Mohan Tatikonda, Iris Vessey, Hugh Watson, Taylor Wells, Bradley Wheeler, Michael Williams, and Barbara Wixom. We have also benefited from several sources of support for our research that have led to

Music of the Century Essay Example For Students

Music of the Century Essay He studied with Guard and others at the Paris Conservatoire and as prizewinner went to Rome, though more important Impressions came from his visits to Bayreuth and from hearing Javanese music in Paris. Debussy and Impressionism The Impressionist style of painting developed in the late 19th century in France. Although the Impressionist movement did not exclusively consist of French artists, it did start in France and the French painters are among the most well-known. Several earlier artistic movements, such as Classicism and Realism, influenced the Impressionist painters. In 1855, a World Fair was held in Paris, and art was given significant attention. This contributed to Paris reputation as the center of the art world and the place to be for aspiring painters, such as the group that would come to be known as the Impressionists. Impressionism is a style borrowed from painting which creates an illusion of light and atmosphere by using colors side by side instead of blending them. The artist avoids realism in favor of conveying impressions. Nocturnes Achilles-Claude Debussy, 1862-1918, Nocturnes. Completed December 15, 1899 (at 3 a. . , according to an inscription on the manuscript), first performance October 27, 1901, in Paris. Scored for 3 flutes, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, 3 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, cymbals, snare drums, tympani, 2 harps, female chorus, and strings. 3 Shorts Composition of NOCTURNES 1 . Engages- (Clouds) Debussy pictures the sky with slow and melancholy passages of clouds. The warmth of Engages recalls a summer love affair. . Fetes- (Festivals) is a restrained yet Joyous celebration, the sort that generates lifelong memories without ever disturbing the neighbors. . Sirens- (Sirens) builds on a simple two-note motives to seduce the listeners into Debussy river, Just as dangerously as the mythological beauties who have lured innumerable sailors to their doom over the centuries. Music of the 20th Century By Princesses Bell Bartok (1881-1945), a Hungarian, is considered a famous progressive modern musical composer, a great pianist, teacher and researcher. He was one of the leaders of Hungarian nationalism and made use of the Hungarian folk tunes in his music. Just like Stravinsky, he was one of the composers who belonged to the movement of Neo-classicism: a return to the simplicity of Classicism and combining of modern sound with classic form. His style is characterized by rhythms which are percussive and intricate because of the influence of the Hungarian dance patterns. He used polymath, which means using two or more different rhythms played at the same time. In some of his compositions like Six Dances in Bulgarian Rhythm, no. , you will notice the irregular grouping of beats. Polytonally, which is the simultaneous combination of two or more tonalities in a composition, can also be found in Brooks compositions. Antonio Moline and Impressionism Dry. Antonio Moline (1894-1980) was one of the 20th century composers who wrote art music. He was considered the Claude Debussy of the Philippines because he was the first to introduce several important devices, technically characteristics of impressionism in music. One of Millions popularly known, compositions is Hatchings. Another composition of Moline is Dancing Fool. In this composition, he made use of the whole tone scale and used it as a descriptive device. Schoenberg and Expressionism Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Austrian composer, Schoenberg development of the twelve-tone method of imposition was a turning point in the 20th century music. He was a self taught musician. Another philosophy of art which affected the music of the 20th century is expressionism. It is a style which seeks to express emotion with exaggerations rather than represent the physical world. The followers of the movement believe that this world is full of tension, and people are irrational, rebellious and scared to be alone. Expressionism Many of the 20th music reflects an artistic movement called expressionism, which stress intense and subjective emotion. Painters, writers, and composers explored inner feelings rather than depicting outward appearances. The expressionists Arnold Schoenberg was known for the radical sound of his music. In this song cycle, Peppier Linear, he made use of different style of singing which is called Springtime. .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .postImageUrl , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:hover , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:visited , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:active { border:0!important; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:active , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: River Flows in You Musical Analysis EssayPeppier Linear calls for unusual style of vocal performance halfway between speaking and singing. Springtime Literally it means speech voice. It is a manner of performing a song which sounds half-sung and half-spoken. Millimeter is identified, by the time signature, a fractional symbol in which the numerator specifies the number of beats per bar, and he denominator specifies the relative note value assigned to one beat. Syncopation (Accent) the suppression of an expected rhythmic accent by the continuation of an accented tone that begins Just before it. The Music of Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) A Russian composer, later of French (1934) and American nationality. Stravinsky was regarded as the worlds greatest composer. His once revolutionary works were modern classics. Like Debussy and Schoenberg, Stravinsky a composer from Russia, was also one of the 20th century composers who established new trends in music, instead of Just sing the new trends in his music, he combined the traditional and modern trends. Electronic Music Music that requires knowledge or use of electronic devices to produce or manipulate sounds during its composition and performances. With the advancement in technology, many composers are experimenting new sound sources such as electronic, environmental and other non-tonal sound. Traditional instruments are used but in different way. Even computers, cassette tape recorders, and synthesizers are used. Concrete Music Music created by reworking natural sounds recorded on discs or tapes. Filipino Contemporary Composer Anchor Bollard (1893-1934)- Our foremost Kinsman composer also showed the elements of modernism in his music. This is heard in his Cinderella Overture and Assassinate for Strings Dry. Lucre Silage (1918-)- Neo-classicist. The music of Silage is unique in which she was able to combine the music of the east and west. This is shown in her Toccata (1958) were she made used of the piano, clarinet, oboe calculating and tiara. The Guillotining is very prominent in her Concert music in our country. When he was in France, he Joined the Music Concrete movement. An example of his work is Most of Macadams composition aka use of a large number of people and the environment.

Studies in Emotional Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Studies in Emotional Intelligence Essay There is a growing interest in the concept of emotional intelligence, and with that growth is a gap between what we know and what we need to know. In the article, Emotional Intelligence: Issues and Common Misunderstandings, Robert J. Emmerling and Daniel Goleman inquire as to what emotional intelligence is, how it differs from other established constructs within psychology, whether or not it can be developed, whether or not it can be a better predictor of work performance than traditional measures of intelligence, whether or not it should be measured at all, and how it relates to ethics. Emotional intelligence has a potential utility in predicting a range of criterion across different populations, but its predictive validity depends on the context, criterion of interest, and specific theory used. Traditional intelligence measures have been unable to account for a significant portion of variance in career success and work performance. IQ was originally thought to account for twenty-fi ve percent of how well people perform in their careers, while it was later discovered that IQ actually accounted for between four and ten percent. A more recent study found that IQ is a better predictor of work and academic performance than EI, but when it comes to becoming an extraordinary performer, IQ may be a less powerful predictor than EI. The failure of IQ to account for the variance between performance and success is especially evident among managers and senior leaders. IQ alone is unable to predict this as well as competencies that integrate emotional, social and cognitive abilities. Emotions and cognition are interwoven in the aspects of emotional intelligence, especially in interpersonal functioning, empathy, motivation, affective self-regulation, self-awareness, and complex decision-making. The range restriction on the variable of IQ among managers and senior executives may be the cause of IQs inability to predict the variance in performance among managers. Leaders must process a great deal of complex information on a daily basis, and that requires a high level of cognitive ability. IQ simply provides a basis on which to recognize a minimal capability that all who are within a certain job pool should have to keep their job. IQ should remain a predictor of the vocations that are available to an individual of a certain intelligence, but once in that vocation, the predictive validity of IQ should diminish. We will write a custom essay on Studies in Emotional Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It has been said that having a high level of emotional intelligence might compensate for having a low IQ. This would allow those with a low IQ, but a high level of emotional intelligence to thrive with only average intelligence. This gives individuals the idea that IQ matters very little. Emotional intelligence has begun to challenge the assumptions about what leads to success, and to bring a balanced view to the role of emotion and cognition in determining life outcomes. In order to validate claims of the importance that emotional intelligence and traditional intelligence possess in the prediction of certain criterion, more research is needed. Within the emotional intelligence paradigm there exists several theories that attempt to better understand and explain the abilities, skills, and traits associated with emotional and social intelligence. Researchers have been able to demonstrate the discriminant validity of trait-based approaches to emotional intelligence. Recent research shows that emotional intelligence is a unique construct that accounts for unique variance when IQ and personality are controlled. Emotional intelligence has not been around for very long, and evidence continues to develop that shows how EI represents many traits and abilities that are not fully accounted for by traditional measures of personality and cognitive intelligence. The traditional intelligence field has not been threatened or discredited for having several theories. Our knowledge and practical applications of intelligence assessment to a wide variety of issues has been increased by our thorough research on traditional intelligence. All of t he theories within the emotional intelligence paradigm strive to find a concept of how individuals manage, utilize, understand and perceive emotions to predict and maintain effectiveness. The first major theory in the emotional intelligence paradigm was that of Bar-On and it was developed in 1988. In his theory he coined the term emotional quotient (EQ). His model is defined by a selection of abilities and traits related to social and emotional knowledge that influence our ability to cope with environmental demands. It can be viewed as a model of psychological adaptation and well-being. The Bar-On model includes the abilities to be aware of, understand, and express oneself, to be aware of, understand and relate to others, to deal with strong emotions and control ones impulses, and to adapt to change and solve problems of a social or personal nature. It deals with general mood, stress management, adaptability, interpersonal skills, and intrapersonal skills. EQ provides a reliable and valid estimate of an individuals ability to cope with everyday demands and pressures. In 1997, Mayer and Salovey developed a theory of emotional intelligence and instruments to measure it because traditional measures of intelligence failed to measure differences in the ability to perceive, process, and manage emotions. Their theory is defined by the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth, understand emotions and emotional knowledge, access and generate emotions to assist thought, and to perceive emotions. They say that EI is basically a group of mental abilities, and is best measured using a testing situation that is performance based. In 1999, Mayer, Salovey and Caruso decided that certain criteria must be met in order for information to be considered intelligence. Instead of reflecting behavior patterns, self-esteem, and traits, intelligence should reflect actual mental performance. Intelligence should also describe a set of abilities that are d istinct from established intelligences. Intelligence should also develop with age. In 2001, Goleman developed a theory in which EI reflects how an individuals potential for mastering relationship management, social awareness, self-management, and self-awareness translates into success in the workplace. Each of those four domains becomes a foundation for learned abilities that depend on the underlying strength in that domain.The competency level for this concept is based on an analysis of capabilitiesthat have been identified through research on work performance. Basically, EI may predict the ease by which an individual will be able to master the skills and abilities of an emotional competence. It is apparent that the majority of competencies that distinguish average performers from extraordinary performers can be classified as social and emotional competencies. Conceptual thinking is still a sign of superior performance, but recent research shows that emotional competencies are more important for those individuals. Emmerling and Goleman believe that a model for emotional intelligence focused on the workplace provides organizations and individuals with feedback on the majority of the competencies that account for superior performance. Many people believe that, unlike IQ, emotional intelligence can be developed. Emmerling and Goleman acknowledge the fact that genetics plays a role in the development of EI, but geneticists concur that gene expression itself appears to be shaped by the social and emotional experiences of an individual. Emotional intelligence competencies come from a wide range of sources. They can be improved upon, and the improvements are sustainable over time. Neuroscience contributes that although there are stable differences in activation patterns in the central circuitry of emotion, there is also pronounced plasticity. Animal research shows that the hippocampus, amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex, which are all involved in perception, are si tes where plasticity occurs. Such plasticity can occur in humans as well. Emotional intelligence would not be worth measuring even if you were able to measure it. Without a theory of emotional competence, and a method to assess it, individuals may only receive feedback related to technical competence, people skills, or leadership style. For an individual to improve on any ability, he or she would need realistic feedback concerning their baseline abilities and progress. Providing valid and reliable feedback on specific emotional and social competence helps to provide individuals with insight into their strengths and areas for development. Providing a more balanced view and a supportive environment can help to overcome feelings of defensiveness that often undermine the development of emotional and social competencies. Emmerling and Goleman inquire as to whether or not EI is morally neutral of or if it interacts with an ethical dimension. In psychology, morality and ethics are treated individually in a dimensin beyond the issues at hand. Certain aspects of EI certainly tend to promote prosocial behavior. Self awareness must be deployed to act in accord with ones own sense of meaning, purpose, and ethics. Empathy appears to be an essential step in fostering compassion and altruism. These two individuals stress that the progress of emotional intelligence is impressive, but there is still a lot to be discovered.