Language And Communication Researchs on Vikings and Anglo Sexons

INTRODUCTION Various contributions have been made towards the development of the English Language. The development has been a process and has taken quite a long time, and still, continues up to date. There are three stages in this development; however, this work is concentrated on the initial stage in the development of the English language. In this research, I have considered the impacts of the Vikings and Anglo Saxons. A brief history of the Vikings and Anglo Saxons as well as their contribution towards the modern English language has been covered at length. Aim The contribution of the Vikings and Anglo Saxons in the development of modern English language is so great. The main objective of this study is to identify the contributions of the Vikings and the Anglo Saxons towards the development of English Language. Scope In attempting to meet the above objective, this work reviews the history of the Vikings and Anglo Saxons, and their modes of communication. It also covers the contributions of these groups, depending on the dialects and words borrowed. Major emphasis is laid on the pronouns and verbs. LITERATURE REVIEW The old English, formally known as the Anglo-Saxon, was established at around 450 AD to 1100 AD when the Anglo Saxons started to settle in Britain (Blake 1996). The Anglo Saxons included the Angels, Saxons, Frisians and the Jutes who moved to Britain after the Roman occupation. During this period, the Viking was a term used to refer to raiding. The raiders or the Viking were from the north and recognized themselves depending on the areas they originated from. They included the Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians (Baugh and Cable 92).   This period forms the first stage in the development of the English language. The second stage was established at around 1100 AD to 1500 AD and the final stage dates from about 1500 AD to date. English language historians view Vikings language positively as a great contribution towards the development of modern English language. This old English was spoken by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and the Frisians of the current Northern Germany and Southern Denmark who migrated to Britain and drove away the Britons to the west and north (Thomas and John 1992). Regional dialects then developed. These dialects included the Kentish for the Jutes, West Saxon for a branch of the Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian spoken by Angles. The first ruler of all England and the King of West Saxon, King Alfred, ensured that West Saxon was prevalent in prose literature by ninth century. The greatest part of poetry used a Mercian mixed dialect like the contemporary elegiac poems. The old English was characterized by verbs that were weak and strong; there were more than one number of pronouns indicating dualism, adjectives had various different declensions; nouns had four different declensions; and different distinctions of gender. Old English had limited vocabulary but was very wealthy in world building. The Vikings contribution in the old English was also substantial. The Vikings, also known as the Norsemen, introduced about forty Old Norse words (Scandinavian words) into the Old English. These words included: law, are, and cut, take, ugly, ill, and take. These words were derived mainly from the sea battle (Peter 2001). It is quite uncommon for a language to borrow grammatical words from other languages. However, old English had a lot of borrowings from the Viking language. For instance, the plural of the third person pronouns was borrowed and formed the singular of the third person pronouns in old English. This similarity also extends in the modern English. However, there is rear borrowing of pronouns by the modern English. The reason for this was the confusion in identifying the similar singular and plural forms experienced by Viking invaders hearing and speaking Old English (Baugh and Cable 102). Old English borrowed various forms of verbs from the Vikings. The borrowings included the plural form of the verb â€Å"to be† in Wessex (which was the most powerful kingdom in the Anglo-Saxon during the Viking invasion) which was syndon (Baugh and Cable 102). The present plural and second person singular are is also of Scandinavian origin (Baugh and Cable 102). REFERENCE Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable (2002) A History of the English Language. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. In this book, Albert and Thomas have explained a vivid history of the English language with emphasis on the contributions of the different groups including the Vikings and the Anglo Saxons. Blake, N.F (1996). A History of the English Language. Palgrave Macmillan, Blake is an eminent historical linguist. In this book he has given an accessible and modern discussion of the growth of English. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo (1992).   The Origins and Development of the English Language. Thomas Learning. This book is organized into several sections that give a comprehensive guide to the evolution of English. Peter Sawyer (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Viking. Oxford University Press. Peter Sawyer has given a brilliant and interactive discussion of the lives and activities of the Vikings.

Taking And Raising Baby By Anna R. Pierce - 1731 Words

Taking Sides: Challenges to Parenthood Taking children to practice, running to the store, going different directions give many challenges to parenthood. With that being said, there are many challenges that come from being a parent which will discussed from the article by Anna R. Pierce called, â€Å"Who’s Raising Baby?† The purpose of this paper is to critique the article that’s about challenges to modern- day parenting and analyze three weaknesses and one strength, as well as give an opinion on the topic. Summary (1st level) The article starts off with discussing how very unlikely it is that you will see different scenes of children playing outside such as riding their bikes, playing tag outside, or simply working together out in the yard.†¦show more content†¦41). She concludes by saying that we must provide them with more than opportunities for competing, skill learning, and socializing so they continue growing as individuals (Peirce, 2002, p. 42). Critical Analysis (1st level) Weaknesses 1 (2nd level) The first weakness that is found is in some cases the author overgeneralized people and findings. With that being said, this is a flaw because the author is generalizing all the children and parents during almost the whole entire article. This may pose a problem for the reader because the readers may be thinking, â€Å"Well, that’s not the case in my life† or â€Å"I never did that as a child.† The author needs to recognize that not all children and parents is that the studies and experiences don’t apply to everyone. The paper needs to acknowledge that most children are like this not all, then give specifics of who, where, and when. For example, she overgeneralizes in the beginning of the research article by starting off that asking a question on where children are and what they are doing. She gives examples that they are in day-care centers, playing Play Station, watching TV, and that they’re not enjoying a casual conversation. She says that parent ing for â€Å"us† is providing them with things like those earlier examples stated to keep them busy (Pierce, 2002, p. 39). She uses the words â€Å"us† and â€Å"children.† Not some, children orShow MoreRelatedThe taste of melon by borden deal11847 Words   |  48 PagesThe Taste of Melon B O R D E N Focus Your Learning Reading this story will help you: ââ€"   relate your own experience to the story theme ââ€"   analyse story structure ââ€"   identify changes in the narrator’s perspective ââ€"   interpret characters’ motives 130 Look Closely D E A L When I think of the summer I was sixteen, a lot of things some crowding in to be thought about. We had moved just the year before, and sixteen is still young enough that the bunch makes a difference. I had a bunchRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONALRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesHuman Resource Management 11 FIGURE 1—4 Management Activities GLOBAL ORG ANI ZAT ION TE CH NO LO L CA GI OP AT ER NS IO HR Planning and Analysis †¢ HR Planning †¢ Job Analysis †¢ HR Information and Assessment Systems EN VI R O NM L TA EN Employee and Labor/Management Relations Equal Employment Opportunity †¢ Compliance †¢ Diversity †¢ Affirmative Action †¢ HR Policies †¢ Employee Rights and Privacy †¢ Union/Management Relations S IZ E Health, Safety, and Security Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pageson case study research or coauthored the case studies that appear in this book: Ron Anderson-Lehman, S. Balaji, Greg Clancy, Tony Easterlin, Jane Fedorowicz, Janis L. Gogan, Dale Goodhue, Vijay Khatri, Scott A. Kincaid, Nicholas Lockwood, Stephen R. Nelson, Kevin Ryan, John Sacco, Rebecca Scholer, Mohan Tatikonda, Iris Vessey, Hugh Watson, Taylor Wells, Bradley Wheeler, Michael Williams, and Barbara Wixom. We have also benefited from several sources of support for our research that have led to

Music of the Century Essay Example For Students

Music of the Century Essay He studied with Guard and others at the Paris Conservatoire and as prizewinner went to Rome, though more important Impressions came from his visits to Bayreuth and from hearing Javanese music in Paris. Debussy and Impressionism The Impressionist style of painting developed in the late 19th century in France. Although the Impressionist movement did not exclusively consist of French artists, it did start in France and the French painters are among the most well-known. Several earlier artistic movements, such as Classicism and Realism, influenced the Impressionist painters. In 1855, a World Fair was held in Paris, and art was given significant attention. This contributed to Paris reputation as the center of the art world and the place to be for aspiring painters, such as the group that would come to be known as the Impressionists. Impressionism is a style borrowed from painting which creates an illusion of light and atmosphere by using colors side by side instead of blending them. The artist avoids realism in favor of conveying impressions. Nocturnes Achilles-Claude Debussy, 1862-1918, Nocturnes. Completed December 15, 1899 (at 3 a. . , according to an inscription on the manuscript), first performance October 27, 1901, in Paris. Scored for 3 flutes, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, 3 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, cymbals, snare drums, tympani, 2 harps, female chorus, and strings. 3 Shorts Composition of NOCTURNES 1 . Engages- (Clouds) Debussy pictures the sky with slow and melancholy passages of clouds. The warmth of Engages recalls a summer love affair. . Fetes- (Festivals) is a restrained yet Joyous celebration, the sort that generates lifelong memories without ever disturbing the neighbors. . Sirens- (Sirens) builds on a simple two-note motives to seduce the listeners into Debussy river, Just as dangerously as the mythological beauties who have lured innumerable sailors to their doom over the centuries. Music of the 20th Century By Princesses Bell Bartok (1881-1945), a Hungarian, is considered a famous progressive modern musical composer, a great pianist, teacher and researcher. He was one of the leaders of Hungarian nationalism and made use of the Hungarian folk tunes in his music. Just like Stravinsky, he was one of the composers who belonged to the movement of Neo-classicism: a return to the simplicity of Classicism and combining of modern sound with classic form. His style is characterized by rhythms which are percussive and intricate because of the influence of the Hungarian dance patterns. He used polymath, which means using two or more different rhythms played at the same time. In some of his compositions like Six Dances in Bulgarian Rhythm, no. , you will notice the irregular grouping of beats. Polytonally, which is the simultaneous combination of two or more tonalities in a composition, can also be found in Brooks compositions. Antonio Moline and Impressionism Dry. Antonio Moline (1894-1980) was one of the 20th century composers who wrote art music. He was considered the Claude Debussy of the Philippines because he was the first to introduce several important devices, technically characteristics of impressionism in music. One of Millions popularly known, compositions is Hatchings. Another composition of Moline is Dancing Fool. In this composition, he made use of the whole tone scale and used it as a descriptive device. Schoenberg and Expressionism Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Austrian composer, Schoenberg development of the twelve-tone method of imposition was a turning point in the 20th century music. He was a self taught musician. Another philosophy of art which affected the music of the 20th century is expressionism. It is a style which seeks to express emotion with exaggerations rather than represent the physical world. The followers of the movement believe that this world is full of tension, and people are irrational, rebellious and scared to be alone. Expressionism Many of the 20th music reflects an artistic movement called expressionism, which stress intense and subjective emotion. Painters, writers, and composers explored inner feelings rather than depicting outward appearances. The expressionists Arnold Schoenberg was known for the radical sound of his music. In this song cycle, Peppier Linear, he made use of different style of singing which is called Springtime. .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .postImageUrl , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:hover , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:visited , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:active { border:0!important; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:active , .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9 .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d1f9a8e3156b54ec3b1dbe081c207d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: River Flows in You Musical Analysis EssayPeppier Linear calls for unusual style of vocal performance halfway between speaking and singing. Springtime Literally it means speech voice. It is a manner of performing a song which sounds half-sung and half-spoken. Millimeter is identified, by the time signature, a fractional symbol in which the numerator specifies the number of beats per bar, and he denominator specifies the relative note value assigned to one beat. Syncopation (Accent) the suppression of an expected rhythmic accent by the continuation of an accented tone that begins Just before it. The Music of Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) A Russian composer, later of French (1934) and American nationality. Stravinsky was regarded as the worlds greatest composer. His once revolutionary works were modern classics. Like Debussy and Schoenberg, Stravinsky a composer from Russia, was also one of the 20th century composers who established new trends in music, instead of Just sing the new trends in his music, he combined the traditional and modern trends. Electronic Music Music that requires knowledge or use of electronic devices to produce or manipulate sounds during its composition and performances. With the advancement in technology, many composers are experimenting new sound sources such as electronic, environmental and other non-tonal sound. Traditional instruments are used but in different way. Even computers, cassette tape recorders, and synthesizers are used. Concrete Music Music created by reworking natural sounds recorded on discs or tapes. Filipino Contemporary Composer Anchor Bollard (1893-1934)- Our foremost Kinsman composer also showed the elements of modernism in his music. This is heard in his Cinderella Overture and Assassinate for Strings Dry. Lucre Silage (1918-)- Neo-classicist. The music of Silage is unique in which she was able to combine the music of the east and west. This is shown in her Toccata (1958) were she made used of the piano, clarinet, oboe calculating and tiara. The Guillotining is very prominent in her Concert music in our country. When he was in France, he Joined the Music Concrete movement. An example of his work is Most of Macadams composition aka use of a large number of people and the environment.

Studies in Emotional Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Studies in Emotional Intelligence Essay There is a growing interest in the concept of emotional intelligence, and with that growth is a gap between what we know and what we need to know. In the article, Emotional Intelligence: Issues and Common Misunderstandings, Robert J. Emmerling and Daniel Goleman inquire as to what emotional intelligence is, how it differs from other established constructs within psychology, whether or not it can be developed, whether or not it can be a better predictor of work performance than traditional measures of intelligence, whether or not it should be measured at all, and how it relates to ethics. Emotional intelligence has a potential utility in predicting a range of criterion across different populations, but its predictive validity depends on the context, criterion of interest, and specific theory used. Traditional intelligence measures have been unable to account for a significant portion of variance in career success and work performance. IQ was originally thought to account for twenty-fi ve percent of how well people perform in their careers, while it was later discovered that IQ actually accounted for between four and ten percent. A more recent study found that IQ is a better predictor of work and academic performance than EI, but when it comes to becoming an extraordinary performer, IQ may be a less powerful predictor than EI. The failure of IQ to account for the variance between performance and success is especially evident among managers and senior leaders. IQ alone is unable to predict this as well as competencies that integrate emotional, social and cognitive abilities. Emotions and cognition are interwoven in the aspects of emotional intelligence, especially in interpersonal functioning, empathy, motivation, affective self-regulation, self-awareness, and complex decision-making. The range restriction on the variable of IQ among managers and senior executives may be the cause of IQs inability to predict the variance in performance among managers. Leaders must process a great deal of complex information on a daily basis, and that requires a high level of cognitive ability. IQ simply provides a basis on which to recognize a minimal capability that all who are within a certain job pool should have to keep their job. IQ should remain a predictor of the vocations that are available to an individual of a certain intelligence, but once in that vocation, the predictive validity of IQ should diminish. We will write a custom essay on Studies in Emotional Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It has been said that having a high level of emotional intelligence might compensate for having a low IQ. This would allow those with a low IQ, but a high level of emotional intelligence to thrive with only average intelligence. This gives individuals the idea that IQ matters very little. Emotional intelligence has begun to challenge the assumptions about what leads to success, and to bring a balanced view to the role of emotion and cognition in determining life outcomes. In order to validate claims of the importance that emotional intelligence and traditional intelligence possess in the prediction of certain criterion, more research is needed. Within the emotional intelligence paradigm there exists several theories that attempt to better understand and explain the abilities, skills, and traits associated with emotional and social intelligence. Researchers have been able to demonstrate the discriminant validity of trait-based approaches to emotional intelligence. Recent research shows that emotional intelligence is a unique construct that accounts for unique variance when IQ and personality are controlled. Emotional intelligence has not been around for very long, and evidence continues to develop that shows how EI represents many traits and abilities that are not fully accounted for by traditional measures of personality and cognitive intelligence. The traditional intelligence field has not been threatened or discredited for having several theories. Our knowledge and practical applications of intelligence assessment to a wide variety of issues has been increased by our thorough research on traditional intelligence. All of t he theories within the emotional intelligence paradigm strive to find a concept of how individuals manage, utilize, understand and perceive emotions to predict and maintain effectiveness. The first major theory in the emotional intelligence paradigm was that of Bar-On and it was developed in 1988. In his theory he coined the term emotional quotient (EQ). His model is defined by a selection of abilities and traits related to social and emotional knowledge that influence our ability to cope with environmental demands. It can be viewed as a model of psychological adaptation and well-being. The Bar-On model includes the abilities to be aware of, understand, and express oneself, to be aware of, understand and relate to others, to deal with strong emotions and control ones impulses, and to adapt to change and solve problems of a social or personal nature. It deals with general mood, stress management, adaptability, interpersonal skills, and intrapersonal skills. EQ provides a reliable and valid estimate of an individuals ability to cope with everyday demands and pressures. In 1997, Mayer and Salovey developed a theory of emotional intelligence and instruments to measure it because traditional measures of intelligence failed to measure differences in the ability to perceive, process, and manage emotions. Their theory is defined by the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth, understand emotions and emotional knowledge, access and generate emotions to assist thought, and to perceive emotions. They say that EI is basically a group of mental abilities, and is best measured using a testing situation that is performance based. In 1999, Mayer, Salovey and Caruso decided that certain criteria must be met in order for information to be considered intelligence. Instead of reflecting behavior patterns, self-esteem, and traits, intelligence should reflect actual mental performance. Intelligence should also describe a set of abilities that are d istinct from established intelligences. Intelligence should also develop with age. In 2001, Goleman developed a theory in which EI reflects how an individuals potential for mastering relationship management, social awareness, self-management, and self-awareness translates into success in the workplace. Each of those four domains becomes a foundation for learned abilities that depend on the underlying strength in that domain.The competency level for this concept is based on an analysis of capabilitiesthat have been identified through research on work performance. Basically, EI may predict the ease by which an individual will be able to master the skills and abilities of an emotional competence. It is apparent that the majority of competencies that distinguish average performers from extraordinary performers can be classified as social and emotional competencies. Conceptual thinking is still a sign of superior performance, but recent research shows that emotional competencies are more important for those individuals. Emmerling and Goleman believe that a model for emotional intelligence focused on the workplace provides organizations and individuals with feedback on the majority of the competencies that account for superior performance. Many people believe that, unlike IQ, emotional intelligence can be developed. Emmerling and Goleman acknowledge the fact that genetics plays a role in the development of EI, but geneticists concur that gene expression itself appears to be shaped by the social and emotional experiences of an individual. Emotional intelligence competencies come from a wide range of sources. They can be improved upon, and the improvements are sustainable over time. Neuroscience contributes that although there are stable differences in activation patterns in the central circuitry of emotion, there is also pronounced plasticity. Animal research shows that the hippocampus, amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex, which are all involved in perception, are si tes where plasticity occurs. Such plasticity can occur in humans as well. Emotional intelligence would not be worth measuring even if you were able to measure it. Without a theory of emotional competence, and a method to assess it, individuals may only receive feedback related to technical competence, people skills, or leadership style. For an individual to improve on any ability, he or she would need realistic feedback concerning their baseline abilities and progress. Providing valid and reliable feedback on specific emotional and social competence helps to provide individuals with insight into their strengths and areas for development. Providing a more balanced view and a supportive environment can help to overcome feelings of defensiveness that often undermine the development of emotional and social competencies. Emmerling and Goleman inquire as to whether or not EI is morally neutral of or if it interacts with an ethical dimension. In psychology, morality and ethics are treated individually in a dimensin beyond the issues at hand. Certain aspects of EI certainly tend to promote prosocial behavior. Self awareness must be deployed to act in accord with ones own sense of meaning, purpose, and ethics. Empathy appears to be an essential step in fostering compassion and altruism. These two individuals stress that the progress of emotional intelligence is impressive, but there is still a lot to be discovered.

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essays (1927 words) - Demetrius, Hermia

A Midsummer Night's Dream The Underpinning of Demetrius Thesis: A Midsummer Night's Dream character, Demetrius is very difficult to identify except by his relation to the one he loves, or, more particularly, to the one who loves him. Helena's ridiculous chasing after him and his irritation with her are the primary marks of his character. While in this uncharmed state, he even begins to threaten Helena with bodily harm, coming off as not quite the gracious courtly lover he truly means to be. It's simple to discover his unchivalrous character by how easily his eye was distracted from Helena by Hermia in the beginning. He could be a gentle, loving man if he truly desired, but he takes satisfaction being put in his place by others. In the end, still under the spell of fairy magic and therefore not seeing with true eyes, he seems a bit imbecilic laughing at the acted lovers in the play. He doesn't realize it, but he is in a play of his own. Likewise, as with the other characters, what happens to him is far more interesting than the sort of cha racter he is. I.Demetrius' unwelcome deceit and shrewdness and what is discovered A. Since Demetrius only has two lines throughout the entire first act, it shows that he can't stand up for himself, likewise, this lack of speech displays his lack of self-confidence and image: Relent, sweet Hermia, and, Lysander, yield Thy crazed title to my certain right. (Demetrius, 1.1.93-94) Demetrius believes that since he has Egeus' approval, that Hermia should relinquish to him and states that Lysander is going against his privilege. B. Demetrius takes advantage of his stature by claiming Hermia as a right, which truly portrays his instability, but, at the same time shows that in true he loves Hermia. It is absolutely obvious that he is well supported by Egeus: Scornful Lysander, true, he hath my love; And what is mine my love shall render him. And she is mine, and all my right of her I do estate unto Demetrius. (Egeus, 1.1.97-100) He depends on Egeus to display his affection and Egeus concludes by actually enforcing Demetrius' love upon her. C. Initially in love with Hermia, he uses rudeness to ward off Helena's spaniel affection, being very ruthless towards the feelings of Helena: I'll run from thee and hide me in the brakes And leave thee to the mercy of wild beasts. (Demetrius, 2.1.234-235) He cares nothing even for her life and just absolutely crushing her dear emotions. D. It always seems that he is usually taking advantage of the situations he is in, like when he tries to pursue Hermia due to Lysander's absence, but uses harsh words: I had rather give his [Lysander] carcass to my hounds . . . . . . . . . . An if I could, what should Iget therefor? (Demetrius, 3.2.66,80) A privilege never to see me more. And from thy hated presence part I [so.] See me no more, whether he be dead or no. (Hermia, 3.2.81-83) Demetrius displays his awful characteristics with such demoralizing words and complete disrespect for Lysander. He will desire any hopes of attaining her affection. She scorns him after hearing these words, never wanting him to see her again. E. Since Demetrius had indeed made some convincing threats of violence against his unwanted love, Hermia automatically suspects him for murdering Lysander: It cannot be but thou hast murdered him. So should a murderer look, so dead, so grim. (Hermia, 3.2.58-59) F. Helena is so true to Demetrius, but he denounces her to a point of no return, threatening to rape her: You do impeach your modesty too much To leave the city and commit yourself Into the hands of one that loves you not, To trust the opportunity of night And the ill counsel of a desert place With the rich worth of your virginity. (Demetrius, 2.1.221-226) This is such a tremendous insult and Helena accepts by Your [Demetrius] virtue is my privilege. II. The Analogous, Yet Similar: Lysander and Demetrius A. Demetrius and Lysander are somewhat alike, lacking in individuality, virtually indistinguishable. B. Demetrius only seems to love the external beauty of the women and doesn't recognize the inner-beauty with true feelings. As opposed to from Lysander's luring manner, which is based on internal emotions and tries his best to express with passionate words: How now, my love?

buy custom Osteoporosis from the Patient’s Perspective essay

buy custom Osteoporosis from the Patient’s Perspective essay Osteoporosis is a condition widely believed to affect the older members of the society. While both men and women aged over 75 years are at risk of experiencing osteoporosis, it is believed that women are generally more at risk than men to develop the condition due to postmenopausal problems associated with the hormone loss (Riggs Melton, 2005). This paper presents a patients perspective of the osteoporosis condition, as it is important to have an understanding of the personal experience and impact of this condition as told by the patient. The patients perspective will provide a complete picture of osteoporosis and help healthcare providers understand the disease from the viewpoint of the patient. According to what we have been told about the disease including its risk factors, prevention, and treatment; less attention has been provided regarding what the patients undergo on a daily basis as they live with this disease. While the condition is manageable and treatable, some patients c onsider osteoporosis as a terminal illness, which every woman will have to live with for the rest of their lives after menopause. For these patients, having been diagnosed with osteoporosis marks the end of their normal lives as they consider themselves doomed. Perhaps, there is inadequate knowledge and increased lack of awareness among populations, on osteoporosis disease with regards to its causes, risk factors, prevention and treatment methods available to various bone fractures. The Problem From an interview conducted with a 58-year old woman who had just suffered from a wrist fracture, a number of issues have emerged on how patients see the causes of osteoporosis as a disease. According to this patient, all women who have reached post-menopausal stage will develop the problem at some point in their lives. The patient sees osteoporosis more as womens problem than a problem that affects the general well being of the older population in the society. While she acknowledges her lack of physical exercise during her younger years, she nevertheless attributes the problem to post-menopausal stage that every woman has to contend with. She strongly believes that she knew at some point after reaching post-menopausal stage, that she would develop the problem simply because she was a woman. In addition, the patient believes her sedentary lifestyle contributed greatly to her condition and regrets having failed to engage in physical activities early on in her life. Thus, the patient o ffers a word of caution to all women to engage in physical activities in order to reduce chances of developing the disease as she believes that the condition is a terminal one that restricts the life of patients and condemns them to all manner of physical and emotional miseries. The patients perception that osteoporosis is a condition affecting women after post-menopausal stage could have been informed by the fact that the condition is more prevalent in women than in men. According to Riggs Melton (2005), two out of three women will develop osteoporosis after reaching post-menopausal stage. Conversely, only one out of eight men will develop the disease after 70 years of age. Thus, women are considered to be more at risk of developing the condition than men, due to their increased loss of hormone after reaching post-menopausal stage. It is against this backdrop that this patient believes osteoporosis is a problem affecting women and not men. Having developed this disease, the patient believes life will not be normal as before. For her, the condition is terminal, since she would have to depend on drugs for the rest of her life besides being more cautious to avoid developing more complications as a result of the fall. Even as physicians would explain that oste oporosis is not a terminal illness, although it can be lethal, the patients perception is that the disease is life-threatening and will therefore condemn her to a miserable life for the remainder of her life. A Lay Perspective The overriding theme in the patients perspective of osteoporosis as a disease is fear. Having experienced wrist fracture as a result of osteoporosis, the patient fears that she may break her hip. Osteoporosis is a condition that does not present any form of symptoms and signs until when a patient experiences a fracture in the wrist, hip or spine (Riggs Melton, 2005). It is also argued that even when one has developed a minor bone fracture, the onset of pain that would symbolize presence of osteoporosis may take longer, thus a patient may not be able to know whether or not he or she has the osteoporotic problem. However, once the symptoms and signs associated with severe pain as a result of fracture in the bone are identified, the patient would be at high risk of experiencing fractures in other bones of the body (Riggs Melton, 2005). It is against this background that osteoporosis patients are advised to be more cautious with their movement in order to avoid fall that may result int o more severe fractures of the bones. While it is within the physicians professional mandate to offer such advice, it only serves to fuel anxiety and fear in the patient. According to the patient in this study, the fear of experiencing a fall that would result into hip fracture is quite eating into her mentally. In addition, the patient fears that the disease has condemned her to a miserable life by restricting her freedom to move about and perform certain tasks. Further, she fears her condition would be a burden to the entire family should it get serious to the point of not being able to move at all as a result of breaking a hip bone. The patient understands that hip fracture would condemn her to a life in bed for the rest of her life and this would inconvenience her family. She knows that after developing a hip fracture, she would be assisted and cared for by other members of the family. However, she is not happy at all about such an experience and fears that since she would need someone to stay at home and care for he r hence being a bother to the rest of her family. Osteoporosis being a painless disease is ard to detect until when pain is experienced due to fracture of the bone. Due to this, the patient was unaware of her condition until when she experienced a fracture on her wrist bone. According to her, life was normal until she felt a fracture and severe pain on her wrist. A first visit to the doctor did not reveal the actual problem as the X-ray test showed she had a minor facture on her wrist and therefore the wrist was put on a cast which lasted for two week before another test. The patient had no knowledge of her condition and expected the fracture to heal within the two weeks that the wrist was placed in a cast. After expert diagnosis on her bone density, the patient learnt that she had an osteoporosis due to her post-menopausal stage. While the patient claims that post-menopausal osteoporosis can have debilitating effects on the general well being of a patient, she did not understand why the fracture on her wrist did not heal and was up set that the experience would totally change her life. Ideally, the patient had no knowledge of the disease and thus from the opinions and advices of the doctors, she has came to terms with her condition which she believes affects every woman at some particular point during post-menopausal period. The final diagnosis on the bone density was particularly important in informing the patient about her condition which she was not aware about. This is confirmed by her assertion that she was not going to find out about her condition had she not experienced the wrist fracture. However, based on doctors advice, she now understands that the disease can be prevented through regular check ups and appropriate exercise. After discovering her condition, the patient identifies lack of active lifestyle in her past to have contributed to her condition. She concurs with the doctors opinion that her sedentary lifestyle in her early years mainly contributed to her condition and she advices all women to engage in physical activities. While she regrets about her indifference to physical activities in the past, the patient is more concerned about her present condition than any other thing, an experience which is causing her numerous mental problems. She attributes her condition to post-menopausal stage. The patient believes that every woman would develop the condition at some point during post-menopausal period. She therefore contends that while physical exercise during her younger years would have delayed the onset of the condition, she would nevertheless have developed osteoporosis just like any other woman who has reached menopause. However, according to the patient, the main concern now is how to be cauti ous all the time so as to avoid any fall that would cause hip fracture. She asserts that before the fracture on her wrist, life was normal and she felt completely healthy; however, the experience of being diagnosed with osteoporosis has totally changed her life. She feels that she can never have a full range of motion and hence will not be able to do anything anymore. In other words, the patient feels she is no longer healthy and consider her condition as a terminal one that would condemn her to physical and mental torture for the rest of her life. The patient feels that her condition has affected her identity as person. She no longer moves freely for fear of experiencing a more serious fracture especially on her hip which would not only affect her own mobility but also the freedom of other family members. According to the patient, the condition has changed the way she does her daily chores and how she moves. As a result, this has affected her self-esteem due to how she sees herself. She does not consider herself healthy anymore. Nevertheless, she has accepted her condition and understands that she would have to cope with it for the remainder of her life. The patient asserts that every member of her family is busy and thus may be inconvenienced by her condition should it get worse. For her, the disease is a burden to the family members as it would force her to have other family members to provide, when she is unable to move about. However, she thanks her husbands health cover for the success in managing her condition. She argue s that medical costs are extremely high in the country that without proper medical cover, she would have been unable to receive proper treatment for her condition. Solutions/ Activism While biomedical explanations argue that osteoporosis is preventable through physical exercise, studies on the effectiveness of physical exercise on preventing the disease have produced varied outcomes. For instance, the project at the University of Arizona dubbed Bone-Estrogen Strength Training (BEST) identified only six physical exercises that can produce the greatest yield in BMD, these include squat, leg press, seated row, back extension, lat pull-down and military press (Houtkooper, Stanford, Metcalfe, Lohman, Going, 2007).Other studies suggest that a whole year of frequent jumping exercises would improve the BMD of an individual. In general, aerobics, resistance and weight bearing exercises are known to maintain or improve the BMD especially in post-menopausal women (Cheng, Sipil, Taaffe, Puolakka, Suominen, 2002). The lack of a clear recommendation for exercises has produced highest yield in BMD development, hence reduced risk in developing osteoporosis. Consequently, this c ould be the reason for the increased lack of awareness about the condition. According to our patient, had she engaged in physical activities early on in her life, she could have delayed the onset of osteoporosis in her life. It is also worth noting that it was until after the second diagnosis that the patient realized that she had suffered osteoporosis. Before the expert opinion and advice of the doctor, the patient had little or no knowledge in relation to the risk causes and how the disease could be prevented. The patient perceives that her life and her daily activities will be regulated by her condition for the rest of her life. While she is accepting her condition, she can neither understand nor forecast what the future would be like for her. For instance, she believes that medication will be part of her liffe now, but she has to be more careful with what she does and how she moves so as to avoid any fall. The patient has no idea about the treatment available for osteoporosis as she asserts that once she experiences hip fracture, it will be all over for her. While healthcare providers would like every patient to know that osteoporosis is treatable including the hip fracture through surgery, the patient seems to have no idea about this. Despite the availability of treatment for osteoporosis, the patients main concern is how to avoid developing hip fracture. While she understands and advices other women to change their lifestyle and participate in physical activities more often, she does not adopt physical exercise as a preventive measure for developing serious osteoporotic conditions such as hip or vertebrae fracture. For the patient, the most important issue now since she has been diagnosed with osteoporosis is to be more careful in order to avoid any fall. The fear of what life would be with a hip fracture seems to be the issue that is preoccupying the patients mind. The patient also talks about risk factors, appropriate preventive measures, as well as the role of doctors in helping individuals to overcome problems associated with osteoporosis. She identifies lack of exercise and post-menopausal stage as the key factors that have played a key role to the development of the disease in women. As for the remedies, the patient advices other women who have attained menopause to engage in regular physical exercises and to see their doctors more often so as to test for the development of osteoporosis from an early stage. Undoubtedly, the patient was shocked by the discovery of the condition in her. She singled out the change in her lifestyle to her knowledge of the disease after being informed by the doctor. The information from the doctor totally changed how she sees her body and her sense of identity. She no longer sees herself as a healthy person but a person walking around with a disease. The discovery also affected how she relates with others, especially members of her family. The patient feels she should not be tended by other members of the family as such a demand would prevent others from going about their business. With the information of the physician on the risk factors, the patient sees into the future and considers herself a burden to the rest of the family members who would have to forego their affairs in order to care and provide for her. This feeling alone is the most important issue that preoccupies the mind of the patient and saddens her each day. The knowledge of the physician was critical in informing the patient about the risk factors, prevention, and treatment methods of osteoporosis. The patients experience of osteoporosis is informed by the knowledge sought from the doctor. For the patient, a woman cannot escape osteoporosis but can only delay it. In other words, the physicians explanation of women being at high risk of experiencing osteoporosis after reaching menopause was critical in the patients blanket belief that all women must go through the experience. However, the patient understands the importance of the doctors advice and care for her condition. For instance, she advices other women who do not know whether or not they are on the verge of experiencing osteoporosis to have their doctors screen them regularly for low bone density and other risk factors. It is also important to point out that for the patient; osteoporosis is a big social issue that the society must give special attention. She is concerned about the high cost of medication not only for this particular condition but also for all other diseases. She argues that without proper medical cover, she would not have been able to find suitable treatment for her condition and possibly she could have experienced more serious conditions like hip fracture. The patient sees access to better medical services as the preserve of the rich and those who can afford better medical cover. For her, the high cost of treating osteoporosis is a big social issue that may be restraining the number of women seeking for screening and treatment of osteoporosis in the country. In addition to cost, the patient sees osteoporosis as a gender issue. According to the patient, women will develop the disease no matter their lifestyles. She believes that the best that women can do to delay the problem is to engage in physical activities. Thus, to the patient, osteoporosis is more of a woman problem than it is for men. Conclusion Osteoporosis can be a debilitating disease and is found to be common in aged men and women. However, the disease is found to be highly prevalent among women who have attained menopause. From the patients perspective, women should engage more in physical exercises and adopt active lifestyles, if they would have any chance of delaying the onset of osteoporosis. According to the patient, women have no escape route at all when it comes to osteoporosis. The only thing women would do is to delay the time when they would develop osteoporosis. Drawing from her own experience, the patient believes that lack of exercise and regular screening was the main factors behind her experience, which she believes started early than normal. Thus, the patient is passing a strong message that lifestyle and early screening could be vital in preventing the high prevalence of the disease among women and the elderly in general. In addition, the patient is telling us that while the disease is highly prevalent a mong women after menopause, there is a general lack of awareness across the population most at risk. Most women do not know about the risk factors and prevention methods of osteoporosis. To the healthcare providers, the patient is communicating a simple but powerful message that osteoporosis is a debilitating condition that not only burdens the patient but also the entire family. While healthcare providers understand that osteoporosis is a condition that can be prevented, managed, and treated, to the patient, the disease marks the end of life. Buy custom Osteoporosis from the Patient’s Perspective essay

Tourism Policy and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Reaction paper 2 - Essay Example Ray Eddy resorts to conduct illegal business after her husband left with all the family savings. Eddy and her two children no longer can survive on the meagre wages she gets from her stores. She meets Lila, who lately, has been in the business of smuggling immigrants. The two movies have remarkable contrasts. The essay illustrates key differences evident in the two films. The first difference between the two films relates to their production. Karate Kid is a Hollywood film. The production was courtesy of Sony Pictures, which makes it a major studio film (Horn 1). Frozen river, on the contrary, was a production of the Cohen Media Group company. Other companies credited for the film’s production are Harwood Hunt Productions and Off Hollywood Pictures. Its run time is 98 minutes. That is contrary to the Karate Kid that has a runtime of 2 hours 20 minutes. There is a remarkable difference in the manner in which viewers are represented in the two films. That explains the differences in which eurocentrism operates in the two films. Eurocentrism relates to perceptions of exceptionalism of Europe that developed to a worldview after western civilization. Hollywood, over a long time, has promoted the concept of Eurocentrism in most movies and films. In essence, such films depict the perceived supremacy that Europe holds. Eurocentrism is evident in the Karate Kid depicted through its characters. It implies that common notion of superiority evident in Dre to learn and compete with peers, who were initially superior. That emphasizes eurocentrism being that the two characters, Dre and Wang are from different regions. That differs from the depiction of characters in the Frozen River. The film does not reveal Eurocentrism and aspects of superiority. There is difference in the manner in which non-White main characters in the two films

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Advocacy of client - Essay Example service not only brings forth representation of the victim, but also offers pieces of advice to the victim as a way of assisting him to help himself (Kirst-Ashman and Hull, 2011). People require advocacy services for various reasons, and in this case, Steve is in dire need of the same for more than one reason. One, he is on the wrong and needs advice on the situation and not to mention he is a minor. Hence, most likely he does not possess a vast background or knowledge about his rights. Indeed, advocates serve more than just being representatives as they also act as negotiators. They act on behalf of the defendants to strike a suitable resolution of the matter. For example, in Steve’s case, the advocates may bargain on his behalf and strike a better deal for the consequences to face for possessing an illegal substance. In this case, it seems that releasing him to pretrial diversion program is the best decision on the table, as he will not face incarceration. Instead, he will be on probation and assigned on a community service to engage and accomplish within a specified time. As a probation officer and with advocacy in place, it is advisable for the officer to make a follow-up of the offender’s history (Menon and Banerjea, 2003). In this case, the officer should thoroughly scrutinize Steve’s past and exposure he has had as he grew up. This is important as from the scenario it is understandable to link Steve’s current situation to his past. Looking at his past, he has had an exposure with a family struggling to stay on his feet at no avail. In addition, the mother was a drug addict, an ignorant individual and a prostitute. On the other hand, the father does not also care of the welfare of his son as portrayed by his ignorant actions when Steve misses school and does not bother to find out how his son’s studies are progressing. In turn, the school takes action on him. Thus, it is crystal clear that Steve’s actions are catapulted by the parents’

Victim Profiling Is A Subject Criminology Essay

Victim Profiling Is A Subject Criminology Essay Victim profiling is a subject that has continued to attract a lot of public imagination. Many investigators have studied human behavior and crime in the broad context of victim profiling. Currently, victim profiling is not a subject that can be viewed secretively as a mysterious technique employed by the U.S police force when seeking to solve crime. Its main objective is to understand a crime from both the victim and perpetrators perspectives. It involves both investigative psychology and crime scene analysis. The subject has also received a lot of media attention as a technique employed by the police. As the police try to ensure public safety, they will use several tools to apprehend criminals. Despite the tremendous advances made in victim profiling, the technique is characterized with various problems. Victim profiling systems needs to be improved to ensure it provides accurate and reliable information. It should be noted that if victim profiling is improved and properly implement ed, it will continue to be a valuable and exciting scientific tool for criminal investigations. Keywords: Victim profiling, criminal investigations, crime scene Victim Profiling Victim profiling can be defined as a set of approaches and techniques used to predict the characteristics of an unidentified offender through investigating and analyzing the evidence obtained from the scene of crime. By analyzing the scene of crime, an investigator aims to understand the personality, demographic and behavioral characteristics of the offender. The characteristics obtained from the crime scene can be used to identify the behavior patterns of the unknown offender. The paper will address the issue of victim profiling, problems that make it less effective and also provide evidence of ineffectiveness. Finally, it will suggest how these problems can be addressed in order to improve the effectiveness of victim profiling. Victim profiling generally determines the cause and effect relationship aspects between the scene of crime, victim, witness and the offender. The technique is mostly used in crime scenes where the identity of the offender is not known and in serious types of crimes such as murder and rape. The process uses crime scene information to create a psychological portrait of the unknown perpetrator (Muller, 2000). A profiler will take information such as the state of the crime scene, nature of weapons used and what was said or done to the victim to come up with a victim profile. In addition, it can include information such as geographic pattern of the crime, mode of entry and exit from the crime scene and where the offender resides. The real process of victim profiling may differ from one investigator to another depending on ones level of training. However, the aim of the process will still remain the same which is to deduce the personality, physical and behavioral characteristics of the perpetrator (Muller, 2000). It should be noted that a victim profile by itself will not catch a criminal or solve a crime. However, the profile will play a big role in assisting the police in their investigations. A victim profile may not be very accurate in suggesting with certainty the real perpetrator of a crime. Nonetheless, it greatly assists the police by providing the right direction in crime investigation. For instance, when the police have not found any leads in a crime, a victim profile can prove potentially important by suggesting helpful hints which the police may have overlooked. According to Muller (2000), there are some crimes where victim profiling may not be necessary. However, it is very suitable in crimes where the unknown offender leaves behind signs of psychopathology or in situations where the crime scene illustrates some form of ritualistic or violent nature. There are several approaches of victim profiling such as geographic profiling, crime scene analysis, investigative psychology and diagnostic evaluation. Diagnostic evaluation basically relies on clinical judgment. Crime scene analysis approach is the most popular technique of victim profiling and was developed by the Behavioral Science Unit of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Crime scene analysis approach relies on deductive reasoning, intuitive thinking and pattern identification done by experienced investigators. On the other hand, investigative psychology relies on behaviorism. It is based on the fundamental principle that the manner in which a crime is committed can illustrate the behavioral characteristics of the offender (Young, 2006). Geographic profiling approach emphasizes on the crime scene location in providing offenders information. The Problems of Victim Profiling Since victim profiling cannot be regarded exclusively as a science, debates have been raised over its effectiveness. There are various methods of carrying out victim profiling. As a result, varied opinions have emerged over which approach is considered the best. Some people question the scientific validity of an offenders victim profile because it is seen that it is hugely based on guess work. For instance, in a murder case, the manner in which a victims body is left can mean various things which may not really be the same considering the many factors that may need to be looked at. Therefore, if victim profiling is not done accurately, it can generate wrong leads and throw off investigations (Young, 2006). Over-generalizations and stereotyping can also impact on the effectiveness of the victim profiling technique. For instance, a cloud judgment may be used to reason that most offenders in rape cases are single men living with their parents. However, this may not necessarily be the case and can lead to creating a false victim profile if the offender turns out to be a married man with his own family. The other problem that hinders the credibility of victim profiling is lack of adequate data or insufficient interpretive capacity (Kocsis, 2007). These problems may fall short in providing a definitive and comprehensive identification of an unknown offender. This can be the case considering the uniqueness of offenders variables such as the modus operandi. The validity of victim profiling has emerged as a major problem. According to Kocsis (2007) the validity of the technique may be questioned since offenders information is based on anecdotal accounts. Despite the usefulness of these accounts, they cannot be confidently relied upon to confirm the validity of victim profiling. Most of these accounts are co-authored by investigators who might be led by typical human psyche of success rather than failure (Kocsis, 2007). As a result, these anecdotal accounts may sometimes lack objective reasoning which may affect the accuracy of the process. Several people have criticized the psycho-investigative techniques currently used in victim profiling. These techniques are based on intuitions/instincts which affects the scientific validity of victim profiling. Another problem in victim profiling that needs to be addressed is the absence of regulation. Due to lack of regulation, several unreliable statements may be made on the media by inexperienced or self-appointed profilers (Kocsis, 2007). Due to lack of regulation, disparities exist in the level of skills required from a profiler. Also, disparities in the skill levels may affect the overall quality of the process. Lack of uniformity is the other problem faced in victim profiling. For instance, the nomenclature used in describing the process lacks uniformity. The process has been referred to in many terms such as victim profiling, criminal profiling, offender profiling, criminal personality profiling and criminal psychological profiling. The reliability of data used in victim profiling is a major issue that affects its effectiveness. The unreliable information relied upon may lead to inaccuracies hence affecting the usefulness of the techniques. The problem of unreliable data affects the reputation of the technique among professionals. Some critiques have argued that victim profiling is based on false typologies not supported by empirical theories. Due to problems associated with its unreliability, it can lead to inaccurate profiles which may derail investigations or may lead to biasness towards a wrong suspect. Evidence of its Ineffectiveness The 2002 Beltway Serial Sniper Shootings that happened in Eastern United States as an evidence of over-generalizations involved in victim profiling. Several victim profiles were made after the shootings. When the suspects were later apprehended, it emerged that the victim profiles had little similarities with the suspects. Another example of over-generalizations in victim profiling is the case of Granny Killer which occurred in Sydney, Australia in 1989(Kicses, 2007).The victim profile identified the unknown killer as a young male of African descent. When the culprit was eventually found, he turned out to be an elderly Anglo-Saxon. Evidence to illustrate lack of uniformity can be observed in the several terminologies used to refer to the process. The process does not have a uniform baseline of defining a serial murder. According to Muller (2000) some people classify a person who has killed two people as a serial murderer. To others, one needs to have killed up to four people to become a serial murder. Therefore, a cut-off point is necessary of identifying whom to label as a serial murderer. Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) carried out a research to determine the accuracy of victim profiles and the qualitative differences among profilers in a series of cases. The profilers included professional profilers, psychologists, students and detectives. According to the findings, the accuracy of the different profilers varied depending on the case investigated. Profilers were found to be more accurate than other groups in cases of sexual offense. However, the profilers were realized not to be accurate as the detectives in ca ses of homicide. The study also realized that professional profilers wrote more detailed and richer reports than non-profilers (Pinizzotto and Finkel, 1990). This study can act as evidence to show that not just anybody who bears the name profiler has the capability to effectively do victim profiling. Therefore, there is a need for a proper regulation to ensure that only professional profilers with the required set of skills engage in victim profiling. How to Improve victim Profiling Since victim profiling is still developing, its credentialing and regulation needs to be given more focus. This can be achieved through better communication among investigative agencies on better ways of linking the different approaches of victim profiling. Victim profiling practice needs to be incorporated into a professional body to ensure that it is regulated. Such a regulatory body will help ensure that only people with the required set of skills are allowed to do victim profiling. Secondly, more research needs to be done on victim profiling practice. Such research needs to be open to scientific scrutiny to ensure that they provide reliable and accurate information. Currently, victim profiling is regarded more as an art. If more research is done, the practical techniques of the field will be improved by scientific approach. This will ensure that victim profiling delinks itself from using literature based unreliable data to becoming a vital tool in crime investigation. In addition, victim profiling can be improved through development of standards which will provide the process with uniformity. Developing standards of uniformity will ensure that communication problems are reduced through use of common terminology. Also, creation of standards will minimize cases of disparities in the practice which arise due to different methodological procedures. Also, victim profiling can be improved through training and educational requirements for the profilers. Improved training will improve the profilers competency and skill set. As a result, the profiler will be able to avoid biases regarding offenders from influencing a victim profile. Implementation to the System As technology continues to develop, there is a need to integrate modern computer technologies in victim profiling. For instance, the Canadian police have introduced Computer-Based Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (VICLAS) (Young, 2006). VICLAS allows detailed documentation of all solved and unsolved cases of sexual assault, homicide and missing persons. The computer program contains a feature that links various crime databases to improve the analytical capacity of the system. Implementation of such systems among various investigative agencies and the police will improve victim profiling technology. Furthermore, it will give the process a more scientific inclination. The different approaches of victim profiling need to be integrated into an effective tool for predicting criminal characteristics and behavior. Geographical profiling, crime scene analysis and investigative psychology need to be correlated to standardize and conceptualize victim profiling technique. Implementing such developments will increase the validity and reliability of victim profiling. Profilers and investigative agencies need to develop better trust to ensure the success of victim profiling. Profilers and investigative agencies need to share crime scene data to assist in determining the existence of similar cases in surrounding areas. Similarities can be realized through comparing notes on offenders modus operandi and any form of signature left. In addition, profilers need to avoid inductive and indiscriminate profiling and adhere to sound decision making and behavioral science principles. Biasness, personal beliefs and over-generalizations need to be set aside in favor of deductive reasoning. Conclusion Victim profiling is a technique that is still developing and there is a lot that needs to be done. Victim profiling needs to be accurately and reliably in order to be helpful in crime investigations. There are several problems associated with victim profiling such as lack of uniformity, absence of regulation, inadequate information, validity and accuracy concerns. However, the effectiveness of victim profiling can be improved through better training and education of profilers. Also, more emphasis on research is necessary in order to make it more scientific. Furthermore, the technique needs to be professionalized by incorporating it into a professional body to regulate the competency of people who can perform it. Creation of uniform standards in the different approaches of victim profiling, improving linkages between profilers and other investigative agencies, and adoption of modern technologies are other ways of improving the effectiveness of victim profiling.

African American Contributions in Science Essay -- Science African Ame

African American Contributions in Science   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout American history many African Americans have been overlooked in the field of science. Some powerful minds and great inventors haven’t been re-introduced to new generations. African Americans have contributed a great deal to the advancements of our country and one of the major fields they have made contributions to is in the field of science. Many successful African Americans have been overshadowed by their Caucasian counterparts. More of our children should be aware of these great historians. African Americans that have made major contributions in the field of science that should be discussed, studied and taught to our society to educate new generations of the vast majority of these great scientists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are a variety of areas in the science field that African Americans have participated. There were Chemists, Biochemists, Biologists, Physicists, and many others. There were people like Herman Branson who was an assistant professor of chemistry and physics at Howard University who help prepare many young students for the science field. Dr. Branson became a full professor of physics and was made chairman of the physics department of Howard University from 1941 to 1968. He had research interests in mathematical biology and protein structure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dale Emeagwali was honored scientist of the year in 1996. She has made great contributions to field of science that has benefited mankind. Dr. Emeagwali came from a background where if you wanted to be a doctor while growing up, you would be slapped across the head and told to stop dreaming. Her dreams of being a scientist came true as she worked hard to achieve her degree and make startling discoveries. Among her accomplishments she made the discovery of isozymes of kynurenine formamidase in the basterium streptomyces parvulus which, prior to her findings, were known to only exist in higher organisms. Dr. Emeagwali also proved that cancer gene _expression could be inhibited by antisense methodology, which she says can lead to better treatment for cancer. She is a well accomplished scientist that many people have never heard of.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All fields of science affects the lives of many people, but the inventors are left out. Inventors make many lives more comfortable and convenient. George Edward Alcorn, Jr. was a not so well-known inventor, but he... ...et (1977). Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States. New York: Free Press Manning, Kenneth R. (1983). Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just. New York: Oxford University Press Massie, Samuel (1982). Cited in Barry Meier "Why There are So Few Black Chemists." Industrial Chemical News 3:1-6 Meier, Barry (1982). "Why are There So Few Black Chemists." Industrial Chemical News 3:1-6 Mozans, H.J. (1974). Women in Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Pearson, Willie Jr. (1985). Black Scientists, White Society, and Colorless Science: A Study of Universalism in American Science. Milwood, NY: Associated Faculty Press Roscher, Nina M., and Cavanaugh, Margaret A. (1987). "Academic Women Chemists in the 20th Century: Past, Present, Projections." Journal of Chemical Education 64:823-827. Rossiter, Margaret W. (1982). Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press Young, Herman A., and Young, Barbara A. (1976). "Black Doctorates: Myth vs. Reality." Chemical Technology 6:296-299. Zuckerman, Harriet (1977). Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States. New York: Free Press

Musical Hair Critiquing Essay

1) What show are you critiquing? Hair 2) Give a brief summary of the story line. Claude Hooper Bukowski, an Oklahoma farm boy, heads to New York City to enter the Army and serve in the Vietnam War. In Central Park, he meets a troupe of free-spirited hippies led by George Berger, a young man who introduces him to debutante Sheila Franklin when they crash a dinner party at her home. Inevitably, Claude is sent off to recruit training in Nevada, but Berger and his band of merry pranksters follow him. Sheila flirts with an off-duty Sergeant in order to steal his uniform, which she gives to Berger. He uses it to extract Claude from the base for a last meeting with Sheila, taking his place, but while Claude is away, the unit flies out to Vietnam, taking Berger with them. The film ends with the main cast singing at Berger’s grave, followed by scenes of a large anti-war protest outside the White House in Washington, DC. 3) What did you like best about this show? Hair succeeds at all levels—as lowdown fun, as affecting drama, as exhilarating spectacle and as provocative social observation. It achieves its goals by rigorously obeying the rules of classic American musical comedy: dialogue, plot, song and dance blend seamlessly to create a juggernaut of excitement. 4) What did you like least about this show? The film omits the songs â€Å"The Bed†, â€Å"Dead End†, â€Å"Oh Great God of Power†, â€Å"I Believe in Love†, â€Å"Going Down†, â€Å"Air†, â€Å"My Conviction†, â€Å"Abie Baby†, â€Å"Frank Mills†, and â€Å"What a Piece of Work is Man† from the musical. Many of the songs have been shortened, sped up, rearranged, or assigned to different characters to allow for the differences in plot. 5) Who was the hero/heroine? Claude Hooper Bukowski/ Sheila Franklin. 6) Who was the villain? The General. 7) Were you able to understand everything? If not what did you understand? A major plot difference between the film and the musical involves a mistake that leads Berger to go to Vietnam in Claude’s place, where he is killed. The musical focuses on the U.S. peace movement, as well as the love relationships among the Tribe members, while the film focuses on the carefree antics of the hippies. But why not make the film ending a happy one? In that case, the movie will better reflect the aspect of American Culture â€Å"Happy Ever After†. 8) Did you get a chance to listen to the soundtrack? Unfortunately not. 9) What was your favorite song? â€Å"Aquarius†. 10) Did you think that the actors were well cast? Sure. The cast featured John Savage as Claude Hooper Bukowski, Treat Williams as George Berger and Beverly D’Angelo as Sheila Franklin. Williams was nominated for New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture – Male. 11) If you were to remake this show who would you cast in the title roles? Why? If I were to remake the show, I would sill choose the actor and actress as the hero and heroine. The actors are really good-looking, and they can sing and dance well. 12) What aspect of American Culture do you see in this show? Nothing ventured nothing gained. Berger is not only at the heart of the hippie Tribe but is assigned some of Claude’s conflict involving whether or not to obey the draft. His death led to the large anti-war protest and featured the carefree antics of the hippies.

Explore How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between Two of the Charactors in of Mice and Men Essay Example

Explore How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between Two of the Charactors in of Mice and Men Essay Example Explore How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between Two of the Charactors in of Mice and Men Essay Explore How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between Two of the Charactors in of Mice and Men Essay The book was set in California in the 1930s when America had a great depression which affected everyone because everyone was unemployed and had to travel to look for work so it is showing George and Lennie traveling together to achive their dream, like everyone else in America, which is very unrealistic which is why they travel together. In the book there is a theme of loneliness. George and Lennie plan to buy a farm for just them two to live on so they wont have to worry about being lonely. Well, well have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch and chickens. And when it rains in the winter, well just say the hell with goin to work, and well build up a fire in the stove and set around it an listen to the rain comin down on the roof.. There dream is giving them something to work for so they can forget about being lonely and have a great life. The writer presents George and Lennies relationship as close but George gets really protective of Lennie. Hide in the brush till I come for you. dont let nobody see you. This shows that George does not want Lennie to get caught if he does something bad. But if he does get caught he wants him to be safe and so they can stay together. This is also giving the reader a little clue that he might get in trouble later on in the story. Without a doubt the writer succsessfully shows George and Lennies relationship as not very good at times. When I think of the swell time I could have without you I go nuts. This is suggesting that George is getting very sick of Lennie always getting them both in trouble because whenever he does do something bad they both have to move and get a new job. He is also getting sick of Lennies childish behaviour and how he constantly has to remind Lennie what to do and tell him about their plans all of the time. When George says this Lennie tells him taht if he wants he will go off on is own and live by himself because he knows George cares about him but thinks he is too much for him to handle. This means that George doesent want Lennie around all the time because he is too much bother and he is ruining Georges life. Also George wants them to stick together bacause it is during the great depression. The writer also shows George as a father figure for Lennie by how he tells Lennie what to do. Lennie, for god sakes, don’t drink so much’. This is because George cares for Lennie and doesn’t want him to get sick. It is like how a parent would tell their child not to drink too much and to not be greedy. When George syas for god sakes it shows how George is getting a bit annoyed at Lennie because he says it sort of snapping at him. ‘George raised the gun and steadied it and brought the muzzle of it close to the back of Lennies head’. George shoots Lennie because he is always getting them both into trouble and George is getting sick of it. The writer drags it out to build up the tension so the reader can imagine how horrible it would be for George to do it after he promised Lennies aunt that he would look after him. George cares for Lennie so he doesn’t want him to get hurt, ‘Get him Lennie, don’t let him do it’. This is particularly effective because it shows how George wants Lennnie to be able to fight back and stick up for himself so he doesn’t have to fight for him all of the time, but doesn’t want Lennie to be pushed around all the time so it shows that their relationship is close. Where we going George? ’ ‘So you forgot already did you? I gotta tell you again? ’ Lennie forgets everything, so George always has to remind him of their plans and what they are doing which is why George gets very annoyed with him at times. When George says again this is showing that he has already explaind their plans to Lennie and that he is slowly getting sick of telling hi m. Also when he says already this is showing that George is expecting Lennie to forget what he told him but he didnt expect it to be quite so soon. Lennie looks up to George and copies everything he does. Lennie who had been watching imitated George exactly. This is because he follows George around all the time so he is like a father figure. Also because George does everything right, Lennie wants to be just like him. George tells Lennie to stay away from Curly and his wife because he knows that they are trouble and he doesn’t want Lennie getting them both in bother with Curly. This is showing George as being very protective of Lennie because he knows what Curly is like and he knows that he will end up getting hurt. In the beginning, Geeorge and Lennie are on their way to where they will start work because Lennie got them both in big trouble at their last job because he is clumsy and doesn’t think, which is why George has to tell hime what to do and keep him out of trouble like a parent and their child. George has to tell Lennie where to go if he gets in trouble because he knows he will get into trouble because he always gets into trouble but he wants to make sure that he is okay and that they can stay together and so George can look after Lennie like he promised his aunt.

Snowmobiles HIstory and the Influence of their Emissions

Snowmobiles HIstory and the Influence of their Emissions Free Online Research Papers Pictures of the Yellowstone Park Rangers wearing gas masks gained national attention to how much pollution snowmobiles were bringing into this world, national park areas and specifically Yellowstone National Park. In Yellowstone, where the cleanest air in the nation should be found, levels of pollution often exceed those of downtown Los Angelas (Measuring Concentrations of Selected Air Pollutants Inside California Vehicles Report). Studies were then quickly initiated and two stroke snowmobiles were banned from the park. Yet in many other places millions of riders still run these engines each winter to head into the snow covered play areas. There are no federal laws regulating snowmobile exhaust outside of Yellowstone. These machines are also not equipped with any devices that measure or control the pollution given off. Air pollution is well documented and can also be traced to many different health issues. This paper will review the snowmobiles history, the extent of snowmobil e pollution and the impact on human health. Snowmobiles first started gaining popularity in the 1960’s. At that time there were approximately a dozen different manufactures that sold their different versions of snowmobiles. Each snowmobile selling for a few hundred dollars a piece; each manufacturer selling 50-100 sleds each year. This is what started the sport, at that time nobody could imagine it would grow to what we have these days. This become more evident in the 1970’s with the â€Å"rapid technological advancements and more than 100 manufacturers that laid a major emphasis on racing and speed propelled snowmobiling as a sport† (American Snowmobiler: 30-31). During this time sales and promotional materials for snowmobiling showed happy eager riders bare handed and in stocking hats. Snowmobilers were having so much fun that the sales grew as fast as gas prices were raising. Most engines at that time cranked out approximately 20 to 35 horsepower. Snowmobile sales in 1971 rose to 495,000 world wide, with more than two million sold between 1970 and 1973. By 1977 the list of manufacturers shrunk to about seven due to the lean snow years, an oil embargo and tough economic times that set in. By the end of the 70’s decade the annual sales settled at about 250,000 sleds. Today’s snowmobiles have made drastic changes since the 60’s and 70’s era. There are now four different snowmobile manufacturers that build and sell snowmobiles. They are: Arctic Cat- headquarters in Thief River Falls, MN; Polaris- headquarters in Medina, MN; BRP (better known as Ski-Doo) headquarters in Valcourt, Quebec and Yamaha Corporation- headquarters in Cypress, CA. Between the four manufacturers in 2008 there were about 163,753 sold worldwide; 79,552 were sold in the United States and 50,556 were sold in Canada. Snowmobiles now are lightweight, being built out of aluminum materials and powered by motors that have up to 225 horsepower, this being four times the horsepower of what some Harleys have. These machines can easily reach 120 mph and get a person to where they want to go and fast. Among the many technological advances made by the manufacturer’s one of the biggest steps that has been and is being worked on is the cleaner four-stroke models. These new motors burn fuel the same way that a car engine does, which compared to a typical two-stroke motor it burns much cleaner and much more efficiently. But with efficiency and power also comes weight and clumsiness. These new sleds weight approximately 75-200 pounds more but also have 50% less emissions and create much less noise than the typical two-stroke snowmobile. Because of the weight differences and the inability for people to have the special add-ons, four-stroke snowmobiles have not made an enormous plunge quite yet in the world of snowmobiles. Therefore, the vast majority of snowmobilers still ride a two-stroke which are as polluting as their 1960’s era predecessors. Two-stroke snowmobile engines discharge up to one-third of their fuel unburned into the environment and is one of the largest unchecked sources of hydrocarbon pollution worldwide. The major concern with the discharge is threefold: the effect of toxic emissions on our country’s air quality, the discharge of raw fuel and the effect of both on water quality. In a two-stoke engine the oil is mixed with the fuel and 20% to 33% of the mixture is emitted unburned into the air and the snow pack (MDEQ 2004). Also, â€Å"the combustion process is relatively inefficient and results in high emissions of air pollutants† (NPS 2000). It is because of these two reasons the two stroke snowmobiles emit large amounts of carbon monoxide, smoke and unburned hydrocarbons. Other pollutants that are emitted include aldehydes, 3-butadiene, and benzene. â€Å"Tests have been done to prove that just one snowmobile creates the same amount of pollution that of 100 automobiles† (The New York Times, 2002). Every winter, snowmobiles dump more than 100,000 gallons of raw fuel and 2,500 gallons of raw two-cycle oil into just the National park ecosystems (J.T Turk). Pollutants from the snowmobile emissions are locked within the snow pack. The toxic effects of the built up pollutants in the snow pack are magnified during the first few days of spring, when they are released during snowmelt, causing elevated acidity levels that are in the waterways. This results in higher death rates of aquatic insects and amphibians (J.T Turk). The impact or the spring pollutants may have consequences for the surrounding watersheds. Acidity fluctuations can disable a watershed’s ability to regulate its own pH level, which could trigger system-wide problems and result in a long-term alteration of an entire ecosystem (Yellowstone National Park Visitor Study.). There has been a lot of research done on snowmobile pollution mainly in Yellowstone National Park, but as of today snowmobiles are permitted in 30 different park areas. Some of them include: Denali (AK), Grand Teton (WY), Voyageurs (MN), and Rocky Mountain (CO). Though many of the parks don’t allow snowmobiles to travel off the trail and also enforce speed limits, they still bring many people in for tourism and snowmobiling as a sport. As stated by John Little, â€Å"There are approximately 85,000 visitors each winter that generates over 30 million dollars throughout the surrounding states†. Those states include: Montana, Wyoming and Idaho. Along with the many visitors on snowmobiles, the money brought also come the pollution created by the sleds ridden throughout the parks. The scale of pollution documented in Yellowstone National Park is amazing. Snowmobiles were responsible for 68% to 90% of hydrocarbons emissions and 35% to 68% of the carbon monoxide emissions each year (NPS 2000). On a peak day in Yellowstone National Park snowmobiles released approximately 20 tons of hydrocarbons and 54 tons of carbon monoxide into the air (NPS 2000). This compared to the 2.5 tons of hydrocarbons and the 17.9 tons of carbon monoxide emitted from cars on the average day in July (NPS 2000). Being that the snowmobile season in Yellowstone National Park generally only lasts three months from mid December to mid March their emissions equaled the total annual emissions for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons form cars, buses and snowcoaches. While four-stroke snowmobiles are the only snowmobiles allowed in Yellowstone National Park these days, it is said by Michael J. Yochim that â€Å"four-stroke snowmobiles may be quieter overall, but the noise-like that of many snowcoaches is a lower frequency that travels even farther than the high frequencies of two-stroke machines, particularly when the air is cold†(p.212). Politically the sport of snowmobiling has also been affected. There have been many attempts to ban the use of snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National Park. â€Å"Since 1996 the government has completed three major official assessments of snowmobiles’ impact on the parks in the winter† (New York Times, 2005). These studies helped to back the first attempt and gathering support to ban all snowmobile use in the National Parks in November 1999 by Congressman Bruce Vento (D-MN) and Chris Shays (R-CT). Then in April 2000, the ban was enforced in both parks only allowing the use of four-stroke snowmobiles and snowcoaches. This ban also enforced a limit as to how many (four-stroke) snowmobiles would be allowed into the park on a daily basis. This limit would be set at 540 per day. Since then there have been many attempts and suggestions to overturn the ban or alter it in different ways. None of which have been put through. In November of 2007, v arious officials in Washington compelled the Park managers to increase the number of snowmobiles allowed into the park on a daily basis. The limit was increased from 540 to 740 per day throughout the entire park. The Government is now on the fourth three year study trying to get the facts that the public and Parks have been looking for. Being there are so many different view points on the subject and facts being slanted by peoples personal opinions. The facts are often hard to understand. While the most recent, â€Å"Winter Plan Use† has banned the use of two-stroke engines in Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National Park. Then replacing them with cleaner burning four-stroke machines and limiting the number allowed into the parks on a daily basis. The studies being done seem to be the best available science to measure the effects of snowmobiles around the world not just how they affect the park areas. With the negative impacts of snowmobiles there are several strategies for minimizing pollution that will be identified. These include using oxygenated fuels like ethanol-based fuel and direct injection two-stroke engines. However, only four-stroke engines have been found to significantly reduce emissions. Electric prototype snowmobiles that produce no emissions have been developed, but not yet available to the public. According to an article in Snowest magazine, â€Å"The University of Denver tested the benefits of using oxygenated fuels in snowmobiles in Yellowstone† (Fuel the Fire). Oxygenated fuels allow for more efficient combustion and reduced pollution. Although they found 3% to 11% reduction of carbon monoxide, there was no reduction in hydrocarbon emissions. Direct-injection two-stroke engines have been shown to decrease hydrocarbon emissions from snowmobiles by 70 to 75% when compared with conventional two-stroke engines, but still had similar emissions for other pollutants (NPS 2000). However, either oxygenated, bio fuels or direct-injection two-stroke engines were shown to significantly reduce emissions and also have their performance drawbacks. Biofuels, including oxygenated fuels are becoming a bigger part of everybody’s lives whether we like it or not. Some negative aspects of using biofuels in two-stroke engines tend to cause issues. The blend does not burn as hot or as high as the octane fuel which requires the motors to be set up differently than if a high octane fuel is being used. Engines are designed for maximum power output and biofuels tend to also dry out the rubber-based o-rings, seals, gaskets and diaphragms in the fuel pumps of older sleds. Biofuels have been known to go stale faster, which also can cause problems in the fuel delivery systems in the older two-stroke engine. Several studies have also recommended replacing two-stroke engines with four-stroke engines to significantly reduce emissions and noise (NPS 2000). Banning two-stroke engines in Yellowstone National Park has resulted in a 60% reduction in carbon monoxide and a 96% reduction in Hydrocarbon emissions (Bishop et al. 2006). Additional, Bishop et al (2006) found improved fuel efficiency, reduction in visible exhaust clouds, odor and noise. In conclusion, throughout the many years snowmobiling as a sport has evolved into a major activity for many people throughout the world. With the technology evolvement that has happened from the 60’s to the current years, the rules and regulations have also evolved at the same time. The facts of pollution have made it clear that emissions are an issue that needs to be dealt with and handled. While Yellowstone National Park has banned two-stroke engines and the vast majority of snowmobilers in the United States use the out-dated two-stroke technology. Two-stroke engines are very polluting and the risk to the environment has been well documented. If land managers are concerned about air pollution and its effect on our environment, snowmobile use needs to be improved upon. Bishop, G.A. 2006. Winter motor-vehicle Emissions in Yellowstone National Park. Environmental Science and Technology 40(8): 2505-2510 Janes, Steve. Fuel the Fire. Snowests Mod-Stock 2008: 68-71. Little John, M. Yellowstone National Park visitor Study. University of Idaho, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. Report 75 1996 Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). 2004. Solutions- Oxygenated Fuels. deq.state.mt.us/cleansnowmobile/solutions/fuels/Oxygenated National Park Service (NPS). 2000. Air Quality Concerns Related to Snowmobile Usage in National Parks. Washington, D.C.: Feb.2000. The New York Times Sept 17, 2002, P. A30(N) Savage, Mark. Those 70’s Sleds!. American Snowmobiler 2008: 30-31. Rodes, C., 1998. Measuring Concentrations of Selected Air Pollutants Inside California Vehicles, Final Report under Contract No 95-339. California Air Resources Board. Yochim, Micheal. Yellowstone and the Snowmobile: Locking Horns Over National Park Use. University Press of Kansas, 2009. . 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